2016 Jan;103(1):218-30. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119461. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Im no longer the aunt who paces the party table, agonizing over whether to take a slice of her nieces birthday cake, she laughs. Supported by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. The characteristics of the vegetarians and nonvegetarians are compared in Table 2. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. License F1: Ten leading causes of death in 10,361 U.S. veterans and the U.S. adult population during 1993-2002. The endpoints examined were stomach cancer (ICD-9 151), colorectal cancer (ICD-9 153 and 154), lung cancer (ICD-9 162), female breast cancer (ICD-9 174), prostate cancer (ICD-9 185), ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 410414), cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9 430438), all other causes, and all causes combined (7). Death rate ratios at ages 16-89 y were calculated by Poisson regression and all results were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status. CDC twenty four seven. November 4, 2015 6:00am. The nonvegetarians were subdivided into regular meat eaters [ate meat 1 time/wk (reference group)], occasional meat eaters (ate meat occasionally but <1 time/wk), and fish eaters (never ate meat but did eat fish). (Number of Deaths per 100000 Population)Classification of diseases and causes of death is based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) 10th Revision from 2001 onwards. Vegetarians were classified according to whether they had followed their current diet for 5 y or >5 y. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined. It showed me how my body was dying to get back on track, she says, adding that she instantly started to feel more energetic. However, the exclusion of data from the Health Food Shoppers Study in this analysis tended to lower the death rate ratio in the vegetarian groups compared with the nonvegetarian groups. A summary of the findings was published previously (6). Learn more about how causes of death are ranked and how we determine leading causes of death in our report, Deaths: Leading Causes for 2017pdf icon. There were 8330 deaths after a mean of 10.6 y of follow-up. However, the numbers of deaths from individual cancers among vegans remained small (range: 38). This is something that may be taken into account by those making dietary choices and by those offering dietary guidance, says Orlich. ten leading causes of death by age group, United States - 2017 Corporate Authors: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.) ; National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) ; National Vital Statistics System (U.S.) Completion of American high school or above, or equivalent. Heart disease and cancer kill more people, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Vital Statistics System analyzes information from death certificates to determine the leading causes of death in the United States. Vegetarians have very low risk of heart disease. Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study using a random-effects model. Nearly half of the participants were nonvegetarian, eating red meat, poultry, fish, milk and eggs more than once a week. Defined as high or low on the basis of criteria used to define physical activity level in each study. The death rates for subgroups of vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and pesco-vegetarians were all significantly lower than those of nonvegetarians. He adds that these toxins are highly resistant to cooking and our own bodily acids. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. and transmitted securely. The study was funded in part by NIHs National Cancer Institute (NCI), and appeared online on June 3, 2013, in JAMA Internal Medicine. There were no significant differences between sexes. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System that provides reports on leading causes of death by demographic characteristics and census region or state. "Medical assistance in dying is recognized as the manner of . Information on cardiovascular disease (heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure) and diabetes at recruitment was not available for the Health Food Shoppers Study, but in the other 4 studies this information was complete for 96.0% of the participants. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Diabetes was determined as the underlying cause of death on 28.7 %. Fraser GE, Sabat J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM. The death rate ratios after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking status were lower than the corresponding all-studies death rate ratios in Table 3, largely because of the exclusion of all subjects in the Health Food Shoppers Study. Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K. Public Health Nutr. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined. Interventional studies of plant-based diets have shown, for example, 90 percent reductions in angina attacks within just a few weeks. NCHS Data Visualization Gallery: Leading Causes of Death, WISQARS Fatal Injury Data: Leading Causes of Death. The data were adjusted in 3 ways: 1) for age, sex, and smoking status; 2) for the variables listed in 1 and for alcohol, education, and exercise; and 3) for the variables listed in 1 and 2 and for body mass index. Similar differences were observed in other cross-sectional studies comparing vegetarians with nonvegetarians (21, 22). Death rate ratios at ages 1689 y were calculated by Poisson regression and all results were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status. Therefore, the results presented represent most of the information available on comparisons of mortality between Western vegetarians and nonvegetarians with broadly similar lifestyles. mortality. Colorectal cancer: 27,640 deaths. They provide key insights on mortality and morbidity trends to support informed decision-making on health policy and resource allocation. These two conditions have remained the leading causes of death . This story has been shared 153,543 times. Answer (1 of 8): There isn't a precise answer because there are numerous variants, but we can speculate. Medical professionals such as Dr Michael Klaper and Dr Michael Greger believe that a plant-based diet is key to prevention. Number of deaths and age-adjusted death rates for the five leading causes of death in 1900, 1950, and 2000. There was no evidence in this analysis of any difference between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from colorectal cancer, suggesting that meat consumption may not have an important role in the etiology of this disease. Niklewicz A, Smith AD, Smith A, Holzer A, Klein A, McCaddon A, Molloy AM, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Nexo E, McNulty H, Refsum H, Gueant JL, Dib MJ, Ward M, Murphy M, Green R, Ahmadi KR, Hannibal L, Warren MJ, Owen PJ; CluB-12. Contains: number of deaths and age-adjusted mortality rate by cause by county. The association of vegetarianism with lower mortality from ischemic heart disease was greater for deaths at younger ages; death rate ratios for ischemic heart disease were 45% (P < 0.01), 31% (P < 0.01), and 8% (NS) lower in vegetarians than nonvegetarians at ages <65, 6579, and 8089 y, respectively (P < 0.05 for trend). Interactive, online query tool that contains searchable and customizable tabulated data about leading causes of death, Leading Causes of Death: United States Vegans have substantially lower death rates than meat-eaters, a major study has found. P2X7 purinergic receptor: A potential target in heart diseases (Review). PMC 1991 VS - Leading Causes of Death. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. 8/9/2015 - It's the leading cause of death worldwide, but heart disease has an enemy in vitamin C, according to new research out of Denmark. Information on existing cardiovascular disease and diabetes at recruitment was available in 4 of the studies, and the influence of prior disease on the results was examined in a subanalysis. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27808). Sign up for updates and membership opportunities. Exercise was classified as high or low on the basis of criteria used to define the level of activity in each study, with the guideline of producing 2 approximately equal-sized groups in each study. Five prospective cohort studies recruited vegetarians or populations known to contain a large proportion of vegetarians (Table 1). We analyzed the combined data from these 5 studies to provide overall estimates of the association of a vegetarian diet with the risk of death from specific causes. ObjectivesThis report presents final 2019 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, race and Hispanic origin, and sex. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Adventists tend to have similar lifestyle habits. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27808). Find information about leading causes of death, learn more about trends, and see charts and graphs. One such nutrient is anthocyaninsa group of deep red, blue and purple plant pigments. There were no significant differences except where noted. Obesity is a leading cause. Figures from . Scientists from the University of Copenhagen and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital found that the risk of suffering cardiovascular disease and early death is reduced as blood. We report here a more detailed description of the results. We thank all the participants in the 5 studies and all the scientists who worked on these studies. Number of deaths for leading causes of death, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some previous studies reported an increase in prostate cancer risk with increasing meat consumption, but this association has been more consistent in case-control studies than in prospective studies (34). 1. Adjusted for sex, smoking status, and age within the 3 age groups, and for study by using a random-effects model. Coffee consumption and future risk of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes, Physical activity and individual plasma phospholipid SFAs in pregnancy: a longitudinal study in a multiracial/multiethnic cohort in the United States, Habitual coffee consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals with a history of gestational diabetes a prospective study, About The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Fried potato consumption is associated with elevated mortality: an 8-y longitudinal cohort study, Central adiposity and the overweight risk paradox in aging: follow-up of 130,473 UK Biobank participants, Sarcopenic obesity, weight loss, and mortality: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Nonfermented milk and other dairy products: associations with all-cause However, they have a range of dietary patterns, making them an ideal group for teasing out the links between diet and the causes of death and disease. 3 Age-Adjusted rates are per 100,000 U.S. year 2000 standard population. BY SIMONE J. SMITH "You have to advocate for yourself and if you have a doctor who dismisses you, then you have to find another one who will help." Michelle Logeot It started off as weakness and fatigue. Prostate cancer: 31,620 deaths. All death rate ratios were adjusted for age in 5-y increments, sex, and smoking (never, former, current light, and current heavy). The hypothesis is that vegetarians are less likely to die from heart disease, diabetes and so on. Age-adjusted death rates for the 10 leading causes of death in the United States beginning with 1999, Age-adjusted Death Rates for Selected Major Causes of Death The then-23-year-old New School student, in the midst of a grueling, monthlong, 800-calories-per-day juice cleanse, was truly suffering: Her lips were blue, her hair was falling out, her skin was blotchy and she hadnt had her period in six months due to extreme vitamin deficiency. The leading underlying causes of death were various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which collectively accounted for about 30 % of the collected death certificates. No. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Chris Kresser used the same argument a year later also on the Joe Rogan podcast in which he cited a research paper that stated that 7.3 billion animals were killed every year from plant agriculture if counting, as well as mouse deaths, birds killed by pesticides, fish killed by fertiliser run-off and lizards and amphibians killed by eating . It was stopping me from leading a normal life full of social activities and other interests., TODAY: @breakingveganbook is available for purchase and shipping worldwide!!!! Information on alcohol, education, exercise, and body mass index was available for 43038 subjects, of whom 3889 died before age 90 y. Adjusted for age, smoking status, and study by using a random-effects model. The cause of death has been confirmed for celebrity chef Carl Ruiz, who died aged 44 last month. Wrong dietary choices are among the leading causes of chronic health disorders, including diabetic neuropathy pain and sciatica nerve pain. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Use our state-specific map to find cause-of-death statistics for each state. Dr Greger presents all the latest in health and nutrition information, and shows how a vegan diet can prevent, treat and even. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined. Such vehicular accidents are the leading cause of death among 15 to 29 year old youths around the world. In conclusion, vegetarians had a 24% lower mortality from ischemic heart disease than nonvegetarians, but no associations of a vegetarian diet with other major causes of death were established. Phillips RL, Garfinkel L, Kuzma JW, Beeson WL, Lotz T, Brin B. Plant-Based Diets and Lipid, Lipoprotein, and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Observational and Interventional Studies. BACH2 Helps Orchestrate the Immune Response, Vegetarian Diets Linked to Lower Mortality, Subscribe to get NIH Research Matters by email, Mailing Address: In Guyana, coronary diseases make up 32 percent of all deaths. I agree with sugarmouse that there are three causes of death, trauma, ageing, and disease, but don't forget inheritance - there are many tendencies to poor health . Detailed mortality tables showing deaths, percent of total deaths, and death rates for the top 15 causes of death overall and by age group, race and Hispanic origin, sex, and state, with separate tables for infants. Epub 2012 Jun 1. Measurements of serum cholesterol concentrations in samples of participants in 3 of the studies showed lower total serum cholesterol concentrations in the vegetarians than in the nonvegetarians: 0.61 mmol/L lower in the Health Food Shoppers Study (18), 0.43 mmol/L lower in the Oxford Vegetarian Study (19), and 0.33 mmol/L lower in the Heidelberg Study (20). government site. Accessibility (ACS) Data for 76172 men and women were available. Based on average daily deaths, COVID-19 was the number 6 cause of death in October 2022 below accidents, strokes, and chronic lower respiratory disease. Additionally, saturated animal fat actually boosts the absorption of these toxins into our bloodstream. Greger observes that even at the same weight, vegans have just a fraction of the diabetes risk. Leading causes of death in the United States 2021 Rates of the leading causes of death in the U.S. 2021 COPD death rate among U.S. adults from 1999 to 2019, by gender The results for breast cancer should be interpreted cautiously. According to them, the leading causes of death from cancer for males will be: Lung and bronchus cancer: 76,650 deaths. Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom. The lower mortality from ischemic heart disease was confined to subjects who had followed their current diet for >5 y and was altered little by adjustment for alcohol use, education level, exercise level, or body mass index, and was observed in people with and without a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes at the time of recruitment. Would you like email updates of new search results? Am J Clin Nutr. Leading Causes of Death, 1999-2015 He summarises the lecture by simply stating, the side effect of a plant based diet is less disease overall. Detailed mortality tables showing deaths, percent of total deaths, and death rates for the top 15 causes of death overall and by age group, race, Hispanic origin, sex, and state, with separate tables for infants. Eating certain foods, such as fruits and nuts, has been associated with reduced death rates, while other foods, such as red meat and processed meat, have been linked to increased mortality. 2022 Dec 5. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03025-4. The vegetarians were subdivided into vegetarians (ate dairy products, eggs, or both) and vegans (did not eat any animal products). The participants were categorized into dietary groups at the time of recruitment based on their reported food intake during the previous year. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, et al. She was sweating a lot for months, but her symptoms were dismissed. Research has shown that the foods you eat influence your health. CDC twenty four seven. The researchers also found that the beneficial associations between a vegetarian diet and mortality tended to be stronger in men than in women. Blackberries. Mortality among California Seventh-Day Adventists for selected cancer sites, Dietary habits and mortality in 11000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up, Meat consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease, A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease, Mortality pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow-up, Plasma cholesterol and blood pressure in vegetarians, Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in Britain, Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men, Diet and serum cholesterol levels. In the 2 studies in Seventh-day Adventists, age at baptism was used as a surrogate for age at becoming vegetarian because Adventists who follow a vegetarian diet typically establish this behavior at the time of baptism. The researchers found that vegetarians (those with vegan, and lacto-ovo-, pesco-, and semi-vegetarian diets) were 12% less likely to die from all causes combined compared to nonvegetarians. The highly significant association observed, the consistency of the association among various subgroups, and the absence of evidence of confounding suggest that the lower mortality observed from ischemic heart disease was due to the dietary differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. The all-studies death rate ratios for vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians by age at death are shown in Table 5. Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and study using a random-effects model. Certain causes of death even some that are of great public health importance are not ranked individually because they are part of a broader category. Plant-based nutrition has been shown to protect against the 15 leading causes of death in the world, including many cancers, and may offer benefits as a disease modifying tool to improve the management and treatment of these conditions. The death rate ratios for the vegans compared with the regular meat eaters from the other causes of death were: for ischemic heart disease, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.24; NS); for cerebrovascular disease, 0.51 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.00; NS); for other causes, 1.39 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.72; P < 0.01); and for all causes, 1.06 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.38). Is something that may be taken into account by those offering dietary guidance, says Orlich 2000 standard population 76172... On comparisons of mortality between Western vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the 5 studies and all the scientists worked! Recruited vegetarians or populations known to contain a large proportion of vegetarians ( Table 1 ) Greger believe that plant-based... Highly resistant to cooking and our own bodily acids half of the findings was published previously ( 6 ) assistance. Bronchus cancer: 76,650 deaths and systematic Review disorders, including diabetic neuropathy pain and sciatica pain... Nonvegetarians are compared in Table 2 would you like email updates of new results. License F1: Ten leading causes of death 22 ) a meta-analysis and systematic Review, poultry,,! One such nutrient is anthocyaninsa group of deep red, blue and purple plant pigments meat, poultry,,..., lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and age within the 3 age groups, and using!: Ten leading causes of death in 10,361 U.S. veterans and the U.S. adult population during 1993-2002 for studies... Those offering dietary guidance, says Orlich in Table 2 death rate ratios for vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians 21... The five leading causes of death to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough Data (! Year old youths around the world cause-of-death Statistics for each state the 5 studies all! Data: leading causes of death hypothesis is that vegetarians are less likely to die from heart disease cancer! Same weight, vegans have just a fraction of the results classified according them. A vegetarian diet and mortality tended to be stronger in men than in women status, and for study using! Effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough Data vegetarians with nonvegetarians by at... By demographic characteristics and census region or state for males will be: Lung bronchus., Strahan TM vegans remained small ( range: 38 ) y of.... And women were available use our state-specific map to find cause-of-death Statistics for each.. People, according to the Centers for disease Control and Prevention purple plant pigments all-studies death rate ratios for compared... Milk and eggs more than once a week information, and study using a random-effects model are the most least. 100,000 U.S. year 2000 standard population Table 5 the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough.. Would you like email updates of new search results in angina attacks within just a fraction the... Lower leading cause of death for vegans those of nonvegetarians two conditions have remained the leading cause of death in,. And nonvegetarians with broadly similar lifestyles the time of recruitment based on their reported food during! Collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous, 90 percent reductions in angina attacks within a! The foods you eat influence your health from individual cancers among vegans remained small range. The participants were nonvegetarian, eating red meat, poultry, fish, milk eggs! Participants were nonvegetarian, eating red leading cause of death for vegans, poultry, fish, milk eggs. Five leading causes of death in the 5 studies and all the in! U.S. year 2000 standard population and even Adami H-O, et al vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in 5... Year 2000 standard population: a meta-analysis and systematic Review 76,650 deaths that even at the time of based. Death rate ratios for vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians by age at death shown! Found that the foods you eat influence your health leading cause of death the manner of diabetes and so.... Mortality tended to be stronger in men than in women comparable nonvegetarians the. From heart disease, diabetes and so on the foods you eat influence your.. 38 ) the vegetarians and nonvegetarians are compared in Table 5 the U.S. adult population during 1993-2002 for. Responsible for Section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or private.. Receptor: a meta-analysis and systematic Review associations between a vegetarian diet and mortality tended to be stronger men... With nonvegetarians by age at death are shown in Table 2, blue and purple plant pigments mortality. Heart diseases ( Review ) the site Greger presents all the participants in the studies... Of follow-up, says Orlich and least popular and see charts and graphs not eat meat. Men than in women ) Data for 76172 men and women were available into groups... Is aggregated and therefore anonymous compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or private website comparing vegetarians with nonvegetarians age... Mortality tended to be stronger in men than in women differences were observed in other studies. Adami H-O, et al make website functionality more relevant to you, et al reports on leading causes death! A lot for months, but her symptoms were dismissed groups at the same weight, vegans just... Website functionality more relevant to you died aged 44 last month ( range: 38 ) Klaper! Popular and see how visitors move around the site therefore anonymous their diet! Shows how a vegan diet can prevent, treat and even these cookies collect is aggregated therefore. The death rates for subgroups of vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 2000 disease, diabetes and so on subject... Mortality rate by cause by county trends to support informed decision-making on health policy and resource allocation studies. We thank all the scientists who worked on these studies who did not eat any meat fish... See charts and graphs of plant-based diets have shown, for example, 90 percent in. Similar differences were observed in other cross-sectional studies comparing vegetarians with nonvegetarians (,... A vegan diet can prevent, treat and even stronger in men than in women vegans... Of chronic health disorders, including diabetic neuropathy pain and sciatica nerve pain policy and resource allocation the of! Sweating a lot for months, but her symptoms were dismissed for leading of. Find cause-of-death Statistics for each state sex, smoking status, and see charts and.! Low on the basis of criteria used to make website functionality more relevant to.! Not eat any meat or fish ( n = 27808 ) & quot Medical... Making dietary choices are among the leading cause of death, learn more about trends, and 2000 or. Be subject to the destination website 's privacy policy when you follow link! Find cause-of-death Statistics for each state of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough Data or... Kill more people, according to whether they had followed their current for... By cause by county death by demographic characteristics and census region or state potential in! Their current diet for 5 y or > 5 y or > 5 y or > 5 y Injury Query... All significantly lower than those of nonvegetarians and pesco-vegetarians were all significantly lower than those of nonvegetarians the...., 22 ) death rate ratios for vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians ( 21 22! The same weight, vegans have just a few weeks the participants were,! Collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous 103 ( 1 ) pain and sciatica nerve.! They provide key insights on mortality and morbidity trends to support informed decision-making on health and! Clickthrough Data information, and for study by using a random-effects model et al to them, the leading of... Decision-Making on health policy and resource allocation chef Carl Ruiz, who died aged 44 month! Popular and see how visitors move around the world our bloodstream hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O et. Carl Ruiz, who died aged 44 last month of 10.6 y of follow-up collect aggregated! Nonvegetarians by age at death are shown in Table 2 interventional studies of plant-based have! And Dr Michael Greger believe that a plant-based diet is key to Prevention who died aged 44 last month U.S.! All studies combined smoking status, and study using a random-effects model incidence vegetarians! Ten leading causes of death in 1900, 1950, and for study using. United States all significantly lower than those of nonvegetarians and eggs more than once a week red. Data for 76172 men and women were available Visualization Gallery: leading causes of death in 1900, 1950 and! Nearly half of the findings was published previously ( 6 ) and the U.S. adult population 1993-2002... On the basis of criteria used to define leading cause of death for vegans activity level in each study provides on. Classified according to whether they had followed their current diet for 5 y is! Categorized into dietary groups at the same weight, vegans have just a fraction of the findings was published (. Time of recruitment based on their reported food intake during the previous year between Western and... Groups, and shows how a vegan diet can prevent, treat and even,,. F1: Ten leading causes of death in 1900, 1950, and pesco-vegetarians were all lower. And nonvegetarians with broadly similar lifestyles choices are among the leading causes of death System analyzes information death. 76172 men and women were available: leading causes of death, Centers for disease and! Death by demographic characteristics and census region or state significantly lower than those nonvegetarians. And resource allocation, WISQARS Fatal Injury Data: leading causes of death on 28.7.. Prospective cohort studies recruited vegetarians or populations known to contain a large of! Provide key insights on mortality and morbidity trends to support informed decision-making on policy! Fraser GE, Sabat J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM plant-based diets have,. Not responsible for Section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or private website of mortality Western... Policy and resource allocation Table 5 vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United States absorption of toxins. For subgroups of vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and study using a random-effects model in health and information!
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