They also asked him for clarification about what happened to his father's personal papers and patient records, and he replied, "Well, I didn't destroy the documents. Heres journalist John Marks. When it came time to evaluate Nazi leaders ahead of the Nuremberg Trials, he was one of a group of internationally renowned mental health professionals who were sent to decide just what was going on in the heads of some of the worst war criminals the world had ever seen. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. Ewen Donald Cameron. Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. (Beyond Nuremburg, ABA Journal March 1997; News accounts of five legal cases at: The Law and Mind Control Mind Control Through Five Cases). McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. Duncan Cameron: This is a picture of the whole family. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. [citation needed]. Amory: Duncan, one of the two lawyer sons, admits hes familiar with those 12 boxes of papers, and then explains what happened to them. [30][bettersourceneeded], In 1980, the Canadian investigative news program The Fifth Estate interviewed two former patients of Cameron's who were among several of his ex patients who were at that time suing the CIA for the long term effects of Cameron's treatment. Ben: Sure. The idea that people needed to sit down and talk about their problems was the old way of doing things, and Cameron was living in an era where things were getting more and more automated. Ben: But we also asked about something else, that he was a little uncomfortable talking about: Orlikow vs. United States, the 1980s lawsuit that ended up giving $750,000 total to 8 of Camerons victims. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. Cameron focused primarily on biological descriptive psychiatry and applied the British and European schools and models of the practice. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Marian: There was a picture of my mom there and somebody commented, Ugh that's the Johanna that's her name I remember. And my sister looked at him and said, But what was she like? John Marks: There must have been clinical documents. He actually has a smile. Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. So I think in a certain way they believed that what fiction writers could come up with, somebody could actually make real. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. His brutal techniques involved a three-stage method for brainwashing in order to eliminate the will and establish control: first, mental depatterning achieved through drug-induced coma; massive neuroleptic drug cocktails induced extended sleep lasting up to eighty-six days. Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron did experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Here's why MKUltra's top brainwashing scientist was a nightmare. Ben: After Marians mom left the Allan, she struggled for the rest of her life to regain her sense of self and mental clarity. The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. And that seemed to us to be a highly questionable action for someone to take. And you can see this manual that's been found all around the world, from hellholes to modern democracies. Were they *destroyed* or did you just take the patients name out? Harvey Weinstein: Complicated question, we all have motivations for the things that we do. It affected a lot of people. Amory: But, Camerons extreme measures didnt result in a Nobel Prize or any mental health breakthroughs, which is why Harvey finds a certain poetry in his untimely death. She went from apartment to apartment, mental hospital to mental hospital. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936.[8]. Thank you! There are movies like Gaslight and Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Cameron's concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority. v USA, 1988] Tom Beauchamp, a leading American bioethicist was an expert witness for Camerons estate, arguing that Camerons treatment complied with the norm and practice of the day. sister. Cameron placed the psychiatric treatment unit inside of the hospital and inspected its success. Ben: Over and over, weve heard from victims of Dr. Ewen Camerons brutal experiments at the Allan Memorial Institute. I mean his father was a very prominent psychiatrist, so destroying rather than preserving personal papers of someone of that prominence is a very unusual thing, especially for a family member to have done. The line between fantasy and reality blurred. It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society. A notoriously tough climb, he did it with his son James, and when he got to the top, he had a heart attack and died almost instantly. We love making Endless Thread, and we want to be able to keep making it far into the future. I'm sure that they loved him very much and knew him in a very different way. And in a lot of ways, modern psychiatry has completely left behind the man who once dominated its ranks. As soon as his family found out about his death, they burned all the files that this man kept in his possession. The described types would have to be eliminated from society if there was to be peace and progress. Thank you! Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. Alison said that when her mother returned, it was no longer her mother. Operating under the umbrella of MKUltra were as many as 162 sub-projects, with as many as 80 different organizations involved in research. Ben: Robert Cleghorn, a former member of Camerons staff, took over after Cameron stepped down. He was always interested in the future. That right there is getting into some shady territory, but the promise of a $10,000 grant the equivalent of just over $100,000 today had to be pretty tempting. Not, at least, until well into 1965, months after they were told to end the experiments. [38], Cameron died of a heart attack while hiking with his son in the Adirondack Mountains on September 8, 1967. Duncan Cameron: No. Allan Cameron. Amory: Sarahs grandmother, Val, sued the CIA forty years ago for supporting Dr. Camerons work at the Allan. And when you get up to the top, its completely wooded, so theres no panoramic view after all the hard climbing. So we reached out to one of the most comprehensive archives in the world: The Library of Congress. Her niece later said, "She had electric shock equipment put on her head so many times that it [remained] in her subconscious." Ben: Today we grapple with Dr. Ewen Camerons legacy. Velma Orlikow, for instance, was dealing with postpartum depression. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. Duncan: Well, I think he was always fascinated in the future. And I think you have, as much as love that you had for him you also had respect for him. Anyone with any appreciation of the complexity of the human mind would not expect that you could erase an adult mind and then add things back with this stupid psychic driving. Amory: Hey, Dad, let's get out of here!, Duncan: I can remember doing that several times. Under that program, more than 80,000 suspected North Vietnamese sympathizers were interrogated by US forces and their allies. This is Part 5. 3.99 In 1929 he moved to Canada where he worked in the Brandon Mental Hospital in Manitoba as the physician in charge. His response? Duncan: I mean, it's very different than the caricature that you sometimes read in the press. Amory: In the Lake Placid community where Dr. Camerons family spent the bulk of their summers, his sudden death from a heart attack while hiking was big news. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown . The second part of the technique was inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, which was essentially a "learn-while-you-sleep" recording device. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. That's absolutely the stuff of a terrifying Netflix horror series, but it was very real and it destroyed an unknown number of lives. Amory: Duncan struggles dealing with his dads legacy because he cant speak to why his dad did what he did. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. When asked about the decision to involve Cameron in MK-ULTRA, John Gittinger, the CIA officer in charge of monitoring his work said, quote, Now that was a foolish mistake. And they are still being asked to by victims and their families, 60 years later. Click here for the donation page. Camerons techniques have no therapeutic validity whatsoever; they were comparable to Nazi medical atrocities. His support of Charles Edward Stuart was instrumental in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 Lochiel and the Jacobite cause Abruptly and unexpectedly, Dr. Cameron suffered a life-ending heart attack while mountain climbing in 1967. Shes a member of SAAGA, or Survivors Allied Against Government Abuse. Amory: Dr. Ewen Cameron will never be able to respond to the intergenerational trauma created by his work. Patients would be subjected to messages repeated hundreds of thousands of times, as they were kept in their coma for up to a month. We were unable to subscribe you to WBUR Today. They had 11 children: Allan Francis Cameron, John Donald Cameron and 9 other children. It was the start of a series of experiments backed by the British, the Americans, and the Canadians, and they wanted to know what prolonged sensory deprivation actually did to a person. This was made into a TV mini-series directed by Anne Wheeler in 1998, called The Sleep Room, which also dramatizes the lawsuit of Cameron's ex-patients against the CIA. Cameron titled this procedure "intrapsychic" (a term derived from the psycho-somatic relationship of hospital patients). And he was a fast driver. He argued that people with mental illnesses could spread and transmit their diseases. Heres part of Duncans transcript: Duncan (from the transcript): I recall contacting the American Psychiatric Association and asking them if they would have an interest in holding his papers in their archives, and they expressed an interest in doing it. They had four children; a daughter and three sons. He began his career as resident surgeon at Glasgow Infirmary, but in 1929 moved . Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. In 2020, director Stephen Bennett released "Eminent Monsters," a film that examined the link between Cameron's work and the torture techniques used by organizations around the world, including the CIA. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. Like in Nicaragua, where he was The New York Times Bureau Chief. The insecure man "They are the driven crowds that makes the army of the authoritarian overlord; they are the stuffing of conservatism mediocrity is their god. That was in December of 1959, and according to the lawsuit (via the Consumer Law Group), Cameron diagnosed Morrow as having "nervousness and tension." The goal, says CBC, was to reduce the patient to what was called a "childlike state," with some people destroyed so completely that they could no longer walk, talk, or dress themselves Shoelaces? Despite the horrific abuse, the American and Canadian psychiatric establishment closed ranks. [28] His work was inspired and paralleled by the psychiatrist William Sargant, who was also involved with the intelligence services and experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage. . Hij is overleden in het jaar 2010 in Near Toulon, France. Ex-husband of Enid Agnes Maud Watson. Jean spent three months under Cameron's care, and spent two periods in a drug-induced coma. [25], Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by "erasing" existing memories and "reprogramming" the psyche. A Canadian government dismissed the CIAs role as a side issue or red herring; Ottawas Justice Department denied legal responsibility, offering each victim a nugatory $20,000 nuisance payment. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. Joseph Rauh (from the transcript): But as far as you know now, neither you nor your brother or sister or mother have *any* papers left that are not sort of public documents? He told The Scotsman: "Cameron's entire focus seemed to shift after the Nuremberg Trials. . You can buy the full book for only . Amory: We definitely will. from the University of London in 1925, and an M.D. . Ewen Cameron made the hike with Duncans younger brother, James. Finally, while the person is in isolated confinement, in LSD altered states of consciousness, and deprived of sensory stimulation, adequate food, water, and oxygen, the subject would be bombarded by psychic driving by use of a football helmet clamped to the head with taped messages played for hours non-stop up to a half-million times, messages such as my mother hates me. (McCoy, 2007). As for the ongoing lawsuits, some of the plaintiffs have actually contacted Duncan wondering if hed be willing to support their efforts. Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.. Harvey: Here he is trying to reach the peak, trying to climb the mountain, reach this goal. Amory: He remembers his dad working a lot during this time, which, definitely tracks. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. Cameron's work was funded under MKUltra's subproject 68. You know, my job was to look out for the cops. She said: "She wasn't able to talk to me about life and regular stuff. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. One of the weirdest chapters in U.S. history was approved on April 13, 1953, and any time anyone says anything about "the good ol' days," when things were just better, simpler, and kinder, well, point to MKUltra and say, "Check out this madness!" The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown there were a higher-than-usual number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, presumably to increase Cameron's subject pool. Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. And I feel for them for that. It's safe to say that the exact opposite happened. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. And Camerons part of that. But none of us trained in psychiatry. At the heart of MKUltra, says The Guardian, was the broadcasting of videos of American POWs from the Korean War condemning their own country and lauding the benefits of Communism. And here he is with me many years ago. Duncan: Talking about him, it should be easy, but sometimes it's sort of emotional. [citation needed]. What started as short-term depression before the Allan, morphed into chronic depression, as well as diagnosed schizophrenia and bipolar disorder afterwards. Ian Donald Cameron is geboren in het jaar 1932 in Blairmore House, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, zoon van Ewen Donald CAMERON en Enid Agnes Maud LEVITA. Rauh: A question that Mr. Turner wanted me to ask was what happened to the papers identifying the patients? Those were right out. The title is The Understanding Man. Lake Placid in particular, and the northern Adirondacks in general, have lost suddenly, tragically, but in a sense, beautifully, probably their most distinguished citizen. Cameron viewed German society throughout history as continually giving rise to fearsome aggression. He was a person who was always looking for a way of advancing the field. Ben Brock Johnson: So what do you have in front of you here? Heres documentarian Stephen Bennett, whose film Eminent Monsters looks at the real echoes of Camerons work in government interrogation programs today. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". It's not clear how many patients Dr. Ewen Cameron's treatments destroyed, but some families have come forward with stories of what was done to their loved ones. Duncan Cameron is Ewen Cameron's son, and when he speaks of his father, he talks about a man who loved to hike, read science fiction, and who had an obituary that read, in part: "Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man." Amory: Duncan has a very different picture of his father, a whole bunch of them actually. Like Freud, Cameron maintained that the family was the nucleus of social behavior and anxieties later in life were spawned during childhood. After his treatments patients were unable to function; they had been reduced to a state of infancy. The paper stated that German culture and its people would have offspring bound to become a threat to world peace in 30 years. Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. We want to hear from you! His goal was to standardize his treatment, and once he did it for schizophrenia, he believed he would open a "gateway through which we might pass into a new field of psychotherapeutic methods." At least, until after Cameron left the Allan. You can see out a window. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes. (laughter). He did and he got it. And they found his work next to worthless. His list of credentials was so long it's impossible to list them all, but for starters, his resume included the University of Glasgow and Johns Hopkins, and in the 1930s, he was lauded for setting up a series of psychiatric clinics. First I have to say that my father was exceedingly committed to his field. There must have been records of experiments. Ben: He looks like hes having a good time. Amory: Author Stephen Kinzer, who wrote the book about the CIA and Mind Control, says, after Vietnam, this same literature got used elsewhere. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. Amory: The study, which was published a few months before Cameron died, found that Camerons methods exposed his patients to unnecessary risk, and that there was no clinical proof his methods were any more effective than standard forms of treatment. Morrow's family got involved, and it was only at their insistence that she was transferred to another hospital. Scottish-American psychiatrist Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron led and conducted these experiments. Ben: The main takeaway here is Duncan admitting that he did remove documents pertaining to specific patients, before giving his dads papers to the archives. Ben: Perhapsthis is Dr. Cameron's most enduring legacy. He received an M.B., Ch.B. She was not staying in this little town. Duncan: And I've said Im unable to do that. [13], In 1945, Cameron, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. He reported that "the subject's very identity had begun to disintegrate," and that's when someone should, ya know, stop. Duncan: We all very much wished, as we always had, that my father was alive because he would have had to deal with that issue and would have dealt with it quite effectively. What Hebb and Cameron both have in common is their contribution in establishing the scientific foundation for CIAs two-stage psychological torture method. And you see this actual physical manual on how to break down the human mind. He clearly had his mind set on doing unorthodox research long before the Agency front started to fund him. I think he wanted to be famous. That was the case for people like Phyllis Goldberg. He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. Pregnant with son Lloyd, Esther was kept in a drug-induced coma in the sleep room for a month, where she lost 13 pounds. Alison Steel won compensation for her mother's misery in 2017, says the CBC: $100,000 in exchange for ending legal action. He began his career as resident surgeon at Glasgow Infirmary, but in 1929 moved to Canada to work in the Brandon Mental Hospital. In this, he hoped to establish a suitable method to reinstate a form of justice in Germany that could prevent its society from recreating the attitudes that led it from the Great War to World War II. That's how quick it is because it removes your time and space. Ben: Camerons research could never happen today at least not lawfully. Hij is getrouwd met (Niet openbaar), ze kregen 1 kind. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. Because it would seem to me, or I was concerned as a lawyer, that it might be a breach of the patient-doctor privilege. And in that sense, I think his ambition overrode his skills and his ability to do the research. Results were telling: They became super sensitive to the sensory stimuli they did receive, and then, things started getting really weird. Ben: But the Canadian and US governments could take accountability for their support of Cameron. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. Duncan: It's really a very moving editorial. As time has worn on, its become the families of those victims who shoulder the burden. Ewen Cameron was fulfilling one of the items on his life bucket list: to climb Street Mountain. Ontario. . He published a book called Remembering[18] and extended psychiatric links to human biology. `` intrapsychic '' ( a term derived from the University of Glasgow 1924! 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