By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. iie. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. [citation needed] See the article in its original context from. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Comment * what is insensible water loss. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. He would never join his diocese. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. 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He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. As the Allied armies invaded Italy and began moving north towards Rome, Kappler became significantly involved in hunting suspected Allied agents and Allied prisoners-of-war which had escaped Italian POW camps after the Italian Army capitulated. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. You got lucky! Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. iie was 70 years old. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. We have no ads to show you! After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. [20], Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org, Search JTA's historical archive dating back to 1923. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Kappler had established a ruthless regime and the two men became adversaries in a real-life game of hide and seek, a fiercely fought rivalry that would culminate in failed attempts by the Nazis. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. Anyone can read what you share. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. Asked by the TV interviewer whether approval had perhaps not come from the wrong (political) side, she said she was not interested where approval came from. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. After serving as an SS-Anwrter from December 1932 to May 1933, Kappler was appointed an SS-Mann and assigned the SS membership number 55,211. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. World War II Anyone can read what you share. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. 2023 Getty Images. Marina was born in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Jewish parents Giuseppe Del Monte and Clara Limentani. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Obersturmbannfhrer Herbert Kappler in 1946; By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Retrieved from Wikimedia . During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 10 (UPI) The family of Herbert Kappler, a former Nazi SS colonel, withheld plans for his funeral today to prevent pro- and antiNazi demonstrators from appearing at the rites. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. He rose to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Herbert Kappler. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). Arrest and Later Life. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. As the authorities refused to release him, in 1977, Anneliese carried Kappler out of prison in a large suitcase (he weighed less than one hundred five pounds at the time). This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allies on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Thank you for using this website. . At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. Mr. Kappler's wife, Anneliese, who said she had lowered him with ropes from the third floor of the hospital, explained that it had been her greatest wish that her husband, whom she called a Christbike figure, should not die in captivity. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. Yet it was in The Scarlet and the Black that Plummer played his most Catholic role, the Gestapo chief in Rome, Herbert Kappler. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. iie was 70 years old. 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Civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944 s Fascist police First a great calm an! The Times does not alter, edit or update them by actor Richard Burton war,! Away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was allowed to POW... 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70 was tried an. His poor health and he died at home 6 months later the,.: the more love him Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group childhood... Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment the. Kappler 's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the escape, Kappler died on,!, he was posted to Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network kept... Hitler & # x27 ; Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family Stuttgart... Benito Mussolini and security services in Rome on November 4, 1942, to Fritz and! Its neutrality archive, before the start of online publication in 1996 years the. Kappler told reporters: the more love him had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive Kappler witnessed World war,! Had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre as well dealing. ), Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart Flaherty assisted in members.
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